Article 15 — Falsification of the Great Seal and State Instruments
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1.
Pursuant to Article 40(4) of the Fundamental Laws, the falsification of the Great Seal and other instruments of State authentication constitutes a grave offence under this Article.
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2.
Any person who counterfeits, falsifies, or without authorisation reproduces or uses the Great Seal, the Lesser Seal, or any other instrument of State authentication commits an offence.
- This includes the digital forgery of electronic seals, authentication tokens, cryptographic keys, or digital signatures issued by the State or its organs.
- This includes the creation, distribution, or deployment of any tool, software, or process designed or adapted primarily for the purpose of committing an offence under this paragraph.
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3.
Any person who uses or possesses a falsified or counterfeited instrument referred to in paragraph 2, knowing or having reasonable grounds to believe it to be false, commits an offence.
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4.
Any person who, without authorisation, transfers, publishes, or makes available to another person any genuine instrument of State authentication for a purpose inconsistent with its lawful use commits an offence.
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5.
Classification. An offence under this Article is a grave offence.
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6.
Sanctions. A person found guilty of an offence under this Article is liable to the following sanctions:
- A fine of $50,000 to $500,000, in accordance with Article 12.
- Public censure in accordance with Article 10.
- Forfeiture of any falsified instrument, and of any tool, software, or material used in the commission of the offence.
- Revocation of any State-granted recognition, licence, or credential held by the offender where such recognition, licence, or credential was obtained or facilitated by the offence.
How to cite
CR Art. 15 — “Falsification of the Great Seal and State Instruments”, Criminal Code of Kaharagia (2026).